Exploring the nuanced world of Indian cuisine demands an understanding of the foundational element: cooking oil. The ideal fat for Indian cooking is chosen for its smoke point, flavor profile, and nutrient density, significantly impacting the final dish’s aroma and texture. From tempering spices to deep-frying, the best cooking oil for Indian cooking can elevate everyday meals to culinary masterpieces.
From tempering spices to deep-frying, the best cooking oil for Indian cooking can elevate everyday meals to culinary masterpieces. Understanding the diverse range of oils, including mustard oil, ghee, and refined vegetable oils, is crucial. Each offers unique benefits, influencing everything from regional specialties to your daily dosa batter.
Uncover which oils best suit your culinary needs and unlock authentic Indian flavors. Continue reading to find the perfect oils for your kitchen.
Unlock the best cooking oil for Indian cuisine!
1. BetterBody Foods Refined Avocado Oil, Non-GMO Cooking Oil, Kosher, Keto
Elevate your everyday cooking with BetterBody Foods Refined Avocado Oil, a premium choice for health-conscious home chefs. Its high smoke point and neutral flavor make it an unparalleled ingredient for a wide array of culinary creations, from searing meats to delicate baking, making it a top contender for the best cooking oil for Indian cooking.
This versatile, Non-GMO, and Kosher-certified avocado oil offers a clean, smooth taste that enhances food’s natural flavors without overpowering them. Perfect for frying, sautéing, baking, and even crafting homemade salad dressings, its light consistency and purity align with keto and paleo lifestyles, offering a healthy alternative to traditional vegetable oils.
Pros
- Exceptional Versatility: Ideal for a broad spectrum of cooking methods, including frying, sautéing, baking, grilling, roasting, marinating, and searing, serving as a superior alternative to many other cooking fats.
- Light, Neutral Flavor Profile: Unlike some flavored oils, its subtle taste complements rather than dominates your dishes, making it a perfect flavor enhancer for authentic Indian cuisine and international recipes alike.
- High Smoke Point: With a smoke point of 500°F, it’s perfectly suited for high-heat cooking techniques essential in many Indian dishes, preventing burning and preserving nutritional integrity.
- Dietary Compatibility: Naturally gluten-free, Non-GMO, and free from additives, this avocado oil is an excellent choice for those following keto, paleo, vegan, and kosher diets.
- Health-Conscious Choice: Rich in monounsaturated fats, it provides a healthier fat profile per serving compared to many common cooking oils.
Cons
- While refined for a neutral taste, some purists might prefer the distinct flavor of unrefined oils for certain applications.
BetterBody Foods Refined Avocado Oil stands out as an excellent, all-purpose cooking fat for any kitchen. Its balanced flavor, high smoke point, and compatibility with various diets make it an indispensable ingredient, truly deserving its reputation as a prime candidate for the best cooking oil for Indian cooking and beyond.
2. La Tourangelle, Expeller-Pressed Grapeseed Oil, High Heat Neutral Cooking Oil,
Elevate your everyday cooking with La Tourangelle Expeller-Pressed Grapeseed Oil, the ideal choice for achieving vibrant flavors and perfect textures. Its unparalleled mildness and high smoke point make it a stellar ingredient for everything from delicate sautés to bold grilling, ensuring your culinary creations always shine.
Crafted with artisanal care and premium ingredients, this versatile cooking oil delivers exceptional taste without overpowering your dishes. La Tourangelle Grapeseed Oil is suitable for frying, grilling, marinating, and creating delicious dressings, making it an indispensable staple for home cooks and professional chefs alike seeking a neutral oil for authentic indian cooking, healthy cooking, and flavorful meals.
Pros
- Mild & Neutral Flavor: Enhances the natural tastes of your food without imparting its own strong flavor, perfect for dishes where other ingredients are the stars, including many traditional indian vegetarian and non-vegetarian recipes.
- High Heat Tolerance: With a high smoke point, this grapeseed oil is excellent for high-heat cooking methods like stir-frying, searing, and deep-frying, preventing burning and maintaining quality for authentic Indian cooking.
- Versatile Culinary Applications: Suitable for a wide range of uses from light sautés and marinades to robust grilling and salad dressings, offering a healthy cooking oil option for diverse culinary needs.
- Artisanal Quality & Sustainability: Made with premium ingredients using artisan methods and packaged in eco-friendly tins, reflecting a commitment to quality, community, and environmental responsibility.
- Dietary Friendly: Certified Gluten-Free, Kosher, Plant-Based, Vegan, and Vegetarian, catering to various dietary preferences and requirements.
Cons
- Slightly higher price point compared to some mass-produced vegetable oils, reflecting its artisanal production and quality ingredients, though its versatility makes it a worthwhile investment for the discerning cook.
For those seeking the best cooking oil for Indian cooking that offers both refined flavor and robust performance, La Tourangelle Expeller-Pressed Grapeseed Oil is an outstanding choice. Its inherent versatility and quality make it a go-to for everyday healthy cooking and enhancing the authentic flavors of global cuisines.
3. La Tourangelle, Sear & Sizzle Avocado Oil, Handcrafted from Premium
Elevate your culinary creations with La Tourangelle’s Sear & Sizzle Avocado Oil, the artisan choice for high-heat cooking.
4. Graza Sizzle Extra Virgin Olive Oil, Cooking Oil – High
Elevate your everyday culinary creations with Graza Sizzle Extra Virgin Olive Oil. Designed for heat and everyday use, this mellow, single-origin oil is your versatile partner for a wide range of cooking methods, from searing and roasting to baking and marinating, promising delicious results every time.
Crafted from mature, mid-season olives, Graza Sizzle offers a milder flavor profile compared to younger olive oils, making it exceptionally adaptable for all your kitchen needs. Its high smoke point ensures it can handle the demands of high-heat cooking, while its liquid form in a convenient squeeze bottle allows for effortless application during cooking and finishing.
Pros
- Versatile for everyday cooking including high-heat searing, roasting, pan-frying, and baking due to its high smoke point.
- Mellow, approachable flavor makes it ideal
5. La Tourangelle, Toasted Sesame Oil, Great for Cooking, Add to
Elevate your culinary creations with La Tourangelle’s Toasted Sesame Oil, an artisanal gem that brings the authentic, rich flavors of Asia to your kitchen. This premium oil is perfect for infusing depth and a distinctive nutty aroma into a wide array of dishes, making it a must-have for anyone seeking to enhance their home cooking with genuine global tastes.
Crafted from the finest ingredients, La Tourangelle Toasted Sesame Oil offers a complex and award-winning flavor profile. Its versatility extends from traditional stir-fries and fried rice to marinades and vinaigrettes, enriching everything from meats and pasta to fresh salads. This natural, plant-based oil is a testament to high-quality, sustainable sourcing.
Pros
- Authentic, rich, and nutty toasted sesame flavor that enhances countless dishes, particularly Asian cuisine and fusion recipes for an authentic taste.
- Extremely versatile, ideal for high-heat cooking like stir-frying, sautéing, and even frying, as well as for finishing dishes, dressings, and marinades, offering a distinct nutty aroma.
- Made with premium quality ingredients, following traditional artisanal methods for a superior taste that discerning home cooks and professional chefs will appreciate.
- Certified Non-GMO, Kosher, Vegan, and Vegetarian, aligning with various dietary preferences and health-conscious choices.
Cons
- The strong toasted flavor might be overpowering for very delicate dishes or palates not accustomed to intense sesame notes, suggesting it’s best used as a finishing oil or in moderation for subtle flavor enhancement.
For those exploring the best cooking oils for Indian cooking or seeking that perfect nutty essence for your kitchen, La Tourangelle Toasted Sesame Oil is an exceptional choice. Its unique flavor profile and artisanal quality make it a staple for adding a world of taste to your everyday meals, transforming simple ingredients into gourmet experiences.
6. Graza Frizzle High Heat Cooking Oil – Cooking Oil with
Elevate your everyday cooking with Graza Frizzle High Heat Cooking Oil. Crafted from 100% peak harvest olives, this neutral-flavored oil is your ultimate kitchen ally for achieving perfect crispiness and vibrant flavors, making it an excellent choice for those seeking the best cooking oil for Indian cuisine and beyond.
Graza Frizzle boasts an impressive smoke point of up to 490°F, making it ideal for high-heat applications like searing, stir-frying, and deep-frying. This versatile liquid oil, presented in a convenient 2L jug, masterfully blends Olive Pomace and Extra Virgin Olive oils for a buttery, neutral profile suitable for grilling, baking, and all your favorite frying adventures.
Pros
- Exceptional High-Heat Performance: With a smoke point up to 490°F, Graza Frizzle excels in all high-temperature cooking, from achieving perfectly golden French fries and crispy fried chicken to searing steaks without burning.
- Neutral & Versatile Flavor Profile: The unique blend of Olive Pomace and Extra Virgin Olive oils creates a buttery yet neutral taste, ensuring it enhances rather than overpowers the authentic flavors of dishes, including traditional Indian recipes and global cuisines.
- Pure & Wholesome Ingredients: Made from 100% carefully selected olives, this oil undergoes minimal processing, offering a clean, chemical-free cooking solution for health-conscious home cooks.
- User-Friendly Design: The 2L jug packaging is practical for frequent use, and the brand’s commitment to affordable, everyday freshness makes it a staple for any kitchen.
Cons
- While its neutral flavor is a strength for many dishes, those specifically seeking a pronounced olive oil aroma or taste might prefer a dedicated Extra Virgin Olive Oil for finishing or dressing.
Graza Frizzle High Heat Cooking Oil is your go-to solution for consistent, delicious results across a wide range of cooking methods. Its superior heat tolerance and neutral flavor make it a standout choice, simplifying your cooking process while encouraging culinary experimentation, whether you’re crafting authentic Indian dals, stir-fries, or baked goods.
7. Graza Frizzle High Heat Cooking Oil – Cooking Oil with
Discover the ultimate high-heat cooking companion with Graza Frizzle! This exceptional olive oil is specifically crafted for intense cooking methods, promising perfect results for everything from searing steaks to achieving crispy fries. Elevate your everyday cooking with a versatile oil that handles heat like a pro.
Made from 100% peak harvest olives, Graza Frizzle boasts a neutral, buttery flavor ideal for a wide array of culinary applications including baking, frying, and grilling. Its impressive smoke point of up to 490°F ensures your food cooks beautifully without burning, making it a superior choice for high-temperature culinary tasks. Each bottle contains 750ml of pure olive goodness, free from unnecessary chemicals.
Each bottle contains 750ml of pure olive goodness, free from unnecessary chemicals.
Pros
- Exceptional High Heat Tolerance: With a remarkable smoke point of 490°F, this cooking olive oil is perfect for searing, stir-frying, and deep-frying without compromising flavor or quality.
- Versatile Culinary Applications: Its neutral yet buttery flavor profile makes it an excellent choice for a broad spectrum of dishes, including fried foods, grilled meats, baked goods, and sautéed vegetables, truly embodying the best cooking oil for Indian cooking scenarios needing high heat.
- Pure and Natural Formulation: Crafted from 100% olives with a blend of Olive Pomace and Extra Virgin Olive Oil, it delivers a clean taste without artificial additives.
- Convenient Squeezy Bottle: Graza’s signature squeezy bottle design enhances ease of use and makes drizzling, measuring, and pouring a more enjoyable experience.
Cons
- The neutral flavor, while a benefit for many applications, might not be preferred for dishes specifically requiring a strong, distinct olive oil taste.
Graza Frizzle is your go-to solution for all your high-heat cooking needs. Whether you’re aiming for perfectly golden French fries, crisp-skinned chicken, or tender grilled vegetables, this oil delivers consistent, delicious results.
Experience the difference that a dedicated high-heat, neutral-flavored olive oil can make in your kitchen.
8. Brightland Everyday High-Heat Cooking Oil, Roasting, Grilling & Baking –
Elevate your everyday cooking with Brightland’s Everyday High-Heat Cooking Oil, crafted to be your pan’s steadfast companion. This 100% extra virgin olive oil offers a smooth, neutral taste, ensuring your ingredients remain the star of every dish, from stovetop to oven.
With an impressive 445°F smoke point, this versatile olive oil is perfect for searing, roasting, grilling, and baking. Its high polyphenol content boasts antioxidants like oleocanthal, promoting well-being and reducing inflammation, making it an ideal choice for health-conscious home chefs seeking nutritious cooking oils.
Pros
- Exceptional 445°F smoke point makes it ideal for high-heat cooking methods like searing, roasting, and grilling, preventing bitterness and ensuring delicious results.
- Rich in beneficial antioxidants and anti-inflammatory properties, including oleocanthal, contributing to a heart-healthy diet and overall well-being.
- Smooth, neutral flavor profile ensures that the natural taste of your food, whether it’s delicate vegetables or robust meats, truly shines through without interference.
- Consciously crafted from California-sourced olives, cold-pressed within hours to lock in freshness, vibrant aromatics, and superior quality for natural cooking.
- Vegan, gluten-free, and cruelty-free, aligning with ethical and health-conscious consumer choices for plant-based cooking.
Cons
- Price point may be higher compared to conventional cooking oils, positioning it as a premium option for discerning home cooks.
Brightland’s Everyday Olive Oil is your go-to for delicious and healthy meals, perfect for everything from quick stir-fries to elaborate baked goods. Experience the difference that consciously crafted, high-quality olive oil makes in enhancing both flavor and wellness, making it a top contender for the best cooking oil for Indian cooking and beyond.
9. Rani Mustard Oil (Kachi Ghani) 33.8 Ounce (1 Liter) NON-GMO
Discover the authentic taste and versatility of Rani Mustard Oil (Kachi Ghani), a premium choice for your kitchen and beyond. This 100% pure, traditional Indian condiment offers a robust flavor profile perfect for a wide range of culinary applications and natural beauty rituals.
Crafted using the Kachi Ghani cold-pressing method, Rani Mustard Oil preserves the natural goodness and pungent aroma of the seeds. It’s an all-natural, non-GMO, gluten-free, vegan, and Kosher-certified product, making it a wholesome addition to your pantry. Ideal for frying, baking, and infusing dishes with an unmistakable zest.
Ideal for frying, baking, and infusing dishes with an unmistakable zest.
Pros
- Authentic Kachi Ghani Pressing: Ensures maximum nutrient retention and traditional flavor essential for authentic Indian cooking, including dals, curries, and vegetable sabzis.
- Multipurpose Natural Care: Effectively serves as a conditioning hair and scalp treatment for radiant hair, a skin moisturizer, and a natural lip balm, enhancing texture and tone.
- Versatile Culinary Staple: Perfect for high-heat cooking like deep-frying and sautéing, adding a distinct, slightly spicy flavor to everything from pickles to marinades.
- Dietary Friendly and Pure: Certified Vegan, Gluten-Free, Non-GMO, and Kosher, offering a clean, natural oil suitable for various ethical and dietary preferences.
- Ideal for Massage: Widely recognized for its warming properties, making it a popular choice for therapeutic massage oil applications.
Cons
- The inherent pungent aroma and strong flavor, while desirable for many traditional dishes, might be an acquired taste for those unaccustomed to pure mustard oil.
Rani Mustard Oil (Kachi Ghani) is more than just a cooking oil; it’s a natural ingredient celebrated for its dual role in enhancing both culinary creations and personal care routines. For those seeking the best cooking oil for Indian recipes or a pure, natural oil for beauty hacks, this 1-liter bottle is an excellent and trusted choice.
10. Daana Mustard Oil: CERTIFIED USDA ORGANIC, EXTRA VIRGIN, COLD PRESSED
Elevate your Indian culinary creations with Daana Organic Mustard Oil, a genuinely traditional and healthy cooking oil. Experience the authentic, rich flavor and aroma that only true cold-pressed mustard oil can deliver, making every dish a masterpiece.
This USDA Certified Organic, extra virgin, and cold-pressed mustard oil is meticulously prepared using the kachchi ghani method, preserving its natural goodness. Free from cholesterol and trans fats, it’s a fantastic choice for health-conscious individuals seeking a natural cooking medium, fitting perfectly into keto diets and aiding weight loss efforts.
Pros
- Authentic Flavor & Aroma: Inherits the robust taste and fragrance of pure mustard seeds, enhancing the depth of your traditional Indian recipes.
- Health & Nutrition: Rich in Omega-3 fatty acids and Vitamin E, this unprocessed, unrefined oil is ideal for healthy cooking and potential therapeutic uses. The cold-pressing process ensures maximum nutrient retention.
- Versatile Applications: Beyond cooking, it’s recognized for its benefits in Ayurvedic practices, including massage for joint pain relief and aiding common cold symptoms, as well as for skin and hair nourishment.
- Ethical & Sustainable: Proudly Fair Trade, Sustainably Grown, Cruelty-Free, and USDA Organic, supporting women farmers and eco-friendly practices.
Cons
- The strong, pungent aroma and flavor of pure mustard oil may take some adjustment for palates accustomed to milder oils.
For those searching for the best cooking oil for Indian cooking, Daana Organic Mustard Oil stands out. Its purity, traditional extraction method, and commitment to ethical sourcing make it an exceptional choice for authentic flavors and holistic well-being in your kitchen.
Best Cooking Oil for Indian Cooking: Your Guide
Smoke point and cooking methods
The thermal stability of an oil, particularly its smoke point, is a paramount consideration for authentic Indian culinary preparations.
Understanding the temperature at which an oil begins to break down and emit smoke is crucial because it directly impacts the flavor, aroma, and nutritional integrity of your dishes. An oil that smokes prematurely can impart a bitter, burnt taste and degrade beneficial compounds, compromising the essence of traditional recipes.
For high-heat techniques like tempering spices (tadka) or deep-frying pakoras, oils with robust smoke points such as peanut, sunflower, or a well-refined canola oil are essential to prevent burning. Medium-heat applications like sautéing vegetables for curries or stir-frying are best handled by versatile options like groundnut oil or mustard oil, which can withstand moderate temperatures without degrading; for these, look for oils with a mid-range smoke point.
Flavor profile and culinary compatibility
The distinct flavor profile of an oil fundamentally dictates its role in Indian cuisine, profoundly influencing the final dish.
Choosing the right oil is paramount because its inherent taste can either harmonize with or overpower the delicate spices and ingredients of traditional recipes. For everyday versatility across a multitude of preparations, consider oils with a neutral taste; these act as a blank canvas, allowing the spices to shine without imparting their own dominant notes. However, for regional specialties, oils with characteristic flavors are indispensable.
Mustard oil, for instance, lends a pungent warmth highly prized in North Indian dishes, while coconut oil provides a subtle sweetness and tropical aroma essential for South Indian curries and stir-fries.
Understanding how these nuances interact with your cooking is key. A robust mustard oil can beautifully complement the hearty flavors of a lentil dal or a robust meat curry, whereas a delicate, lighter oil might be preferred to avoid masking the subtle sweetness of vegetarian sabzis. Similarly, the choice can enhance vegetarian preparations by adding depth or provide a robust base for non-vegetarian dishes without introducing competing tastes.
Similarly, the choice can enhance vegetarian preparations by adding depth or provide a robust base for non-vegetarian dishes without introducing competing tastes. Ultimately, this factor determines whether an oil acts as a silent supporter or a prominent player in the symphony of Indian flavors.
Nutritional value and health benefits
The nutritional profile of an oil dictates its contribution to a healthy diet and its suitability for various culinary applications.
Understanding the fat composition is paramount, as oils rich in monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats are generally favored for their cardiovascular benefits. Look for oils that offer a good balance of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, essential for brain function and reducing inflammation. Traditional Indian cooking fats often boast unique fatty acid profiles and have been associated with reduced risk of chronic diseases when incorporated appropriately into a balanced diet.
Traditional Indian cooking fats often boast unique fatty acid profiles and have been associated with reduced risk of chronic diseases when incorporated appropriately into a balanced diet.
Furthermore, the oil’s oxidative stability is a critical yet often overlooked aspect. Oils with higher smoke points and robust fatty acid structures are more resilient to heat, preserving their nutritional integrity and preventing the formation of harmful compounds during cooking. Processing methods significantly influence this; minimally processed, cold-pressed, or unrefined oils typically retain more of their beneficial nutrients and offer superior health advantages compared to highly refined alternatives.
Ease of storage and shelf life
A cooking oil’s aptitude for maintaining its quality over time significantly influences its practicality for your kitchen.
The ease with which an oil can be stored and its longevity directly impact your cooking experience and reduce waste. For dishes requiring frequent use, an oil that remains stable at ambient temperatures eliminates the hassle of refrigeration, simplifying your kitchen workflow. Conversely, oils demanding cold storage can become inconvenient and may even solidify, making them difficult to measure and use.
Understanding how factors like light, heat, and air contribute to rancidity and spoilage is crucial; exposure to these elements accelerates degradation, dulling flavor and potentially rendering the oil unhealthy.
To preserve freshness, opt for oils in dark glass bottles or opaque containers placed in a cool, dark pantry away from heat sources. Always ensure lids are tightly sealed. Pay close attention to expiration or best-by dates, but also trust your senses: a change in smell (off, acrid, or crayon-like) or appearance (cloudiness or a foamy top) are clear indicators that the oil is no longer at its peak or has gone bad.
Choosing an oil with a resilient shelf life ensures consistent flavor and quality for all your culinary creations.
Quick Best Cooking Oil For Indian Cooking Buying Checklist
- Smoke Point: Choose oils with a high smoke point (like mustard, groundnut, or rice bran oil) suitable for deep-frying and sautéing common Indian dishes at high temperatures.
- Flavor Profile: Consider virgin coconut oil or ghee for South Indian dishes and mustard oil for Bengali or North Indian cuisine, as their distinct flavors complement regional tastes.
- Health Benefits: Opt for unrefined or cold-pressed oils like olive oil or avocado oil for their richer nutrient profiles and lower processing.
- Shelf Life: Check the expiry date and storage instructions, especially for oils that can become rancid quickly, like flaxseed oil.
- Budget-Friendly Options: Compare prices for commonly used oils like refined sunflower or soybean oil which offer good value and versatility for everyday cooking.
- Versatility: Select oils that can be used for multiple cooking methods, from tadka (tempering) and stir-frying to baking, to maximize their utility in your kitchen.
Frequently Asked Questions
What Are The Most Popular Cooking Oils Used In Traditional Indian Cuisine And Why?
The most popular cooking oils in traditional Indian cuisine are ghee, mustard oil, and coconut oil, each chosen for its distinct flavor profile and culinary applications. Ghee provides a rich, nutty flavor ideal for tempering spices and finishing dishes, while mustard oil imparts a pungent kick that forms the base of many North Indian curries. Coconut oil, prevalent in South Indian cooking, offers a subtle sweetness and tropical aroma, perfect for seafood and vegetable preparations.
How Do Different Cooking Oils, Like Mustard Oil Or Ghee, Affect The Flavor Profile And Authenticity Of Indian Dishes?
Different cooking oils significantly impact Indian cuisine’s authentic flavor. Mustard oil lends a pungent, slightly spicy note essential for dishes like *aloo begun*, while ghee provides a rich, nutty depth crucial for breads and savory gravies as it can withstand high heat. Choosing the right oil, like coconut oil for South Indian curries, is key to replicating traditional tastes.
Are There Specific Cooking Oils Best Suited For Common Indian Cooking Methods Such As Tempering (Tadka) Or Deep-Frying Samosas?
For tempering (tadka), oils with a high smoke point and neutral flavor like refined groundnut, mustard, or vegetable oil are excellent choices to avoid burning spices. For deep-frying samosas and other Indian snacks, a high smoke point oil like groundnut, sunflower, or canola oil is ideal to ensure food cooks evenly without absorbing excessive oil and becoming greasy.
Which Cooking Oils Offer The Best Balance Of Health Benefits And Suitability For Everyday Indian Cooking?
For a good balance of health benefits and suitability in everyday Indian cooking, consider using oils rich in monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats. Groundnut oil and mustard oil are excellent choices, offering omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids that are beneficial for heart health, and their high smoke points make them versatile for various cooking methods like sautéing, frying, and tempering. Using a blend of these oils can also provide a broader spectrum of nutrients.
Can I Substitute Different Cooking Oils In Indian Recipes Without Significantly Altering The Taste And Texture?
For many Indian recipes, some oil substitutions are possible without drastic changes. While traditional oils like ghee or mustard oil impart distinct flavors, using neutral oils such as vegetable or sunflower oil for everyday cooking is generally acceptable. If a recipe relies heavily on the specific flavor profile of a traditional oil, consider using a smaller amount of it alongside a neutral oil, or reserve it for finishing or specific flavor elements.
Final Words
Ultimately, selecting the right cooking oil is pivotal for authentic and delicious Indian dishes. Each oil brings a unique flavor profile and health benefit, transforming everyday meals into culinary delights. Embrace the diverse world of cooking oils to unlock the true essence of Indian cuisine and elevate your kitchen creations consistently.